Abstract Sublethal dilutions exhibited hormoligosis when they were exposed to the different levels of pesticides. The present study was designed to check the efficacy and hormoligosis of fenoxycarb on four generations of cotton mealybug. The experiment was performed in the laboratory conditions at department of Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. After 3 days, treatments showed statistically considerable differences (P ˂ 0.05) and maximum mortality was recorded at the highest dose level of fenoxycarb. After 7 days, the treatments had significant differences (P ˂ 0.05). The greater mortality (89.02%), fecundity (143.66%) and longevity (39.62%) was recorded at a concentration of fenoxycarb 2.4%. Laboratory bioassay showed that after 3 days of experiment, fenoxycarb was less effective at concentration LC10 (0.17 ppm) (0.03-0.36), while after 7-days result was LC10 (0.08 ppm) (0.05-0.12). The 1st instar showed maximum mortality at the concentration (LC50 = 10.02%). The maximum fecundity and longevity were found in control. The sex ratio was higher in control while the minimum at (LC10 = 0.17%). At 3 days, hormoligosis was observed in fecundity at LC10 (0.17%) in G1 (52.28) and in G4 (58.27) while LC50 (10.02%) in G1 (37.84) and G4 (42.73). At 7 days PAI of LC10 (0.01%) in G1 (58.61) and in G4 (63.50) while LC50 (0.39%) in G1 (37.67) and in G4 (44.89). The management of the insect pest in the cotton crop depends mainly on how we are using these chemicals.

Abstract Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is a serum enzyme associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) regulation through its paraoxonase and arylesterase activity. PON1 inhibits the oxidation of HDL and low density lipoprotein (LDL), and is involved in the pathogenesis of a variety of diseases including atherosclerosis. Conversely, mutations in the low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) result in failure of receptor mediated endocytosis of LDL leading to its elevated plasma levels and onset of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH). In the current study we investigated the role of PON1 polymorphisms rs662; c.575A > G (p.Gln192Arg) and rs854560; c.163T > A (p.Leu55Met) in a large family having FH patients harboring a functional mutation in LDLR. Genotypes were revealed by RFLP, followed by confirmation through Sanger sequencing. PON1 activity was measure by spectrophotometry. Our results show significantly reduced serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in FH patients compared with the healthy individuals of the family (p < 0.05). PON1 QQ192 genotype showed a significantly higher association with FH (p=0.0002). PON1 Q192 isoform was associated with reduced serum paraoxonase activity by in silico analysis and PON1 R192 exhibited higher serum paraoxonase and arylesterase activity than the other polymorphs. Our results highlight that the combination of LDLR mutations and PON1 MMQQ genotypes may lead to severe cardiac events.

Silica-borax pearl samples impregnated with 0.17 and 0.64% Cr3+ were characterized by specific surface area measurements, UV-Vis spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence and laser-scanning confocal microscopy. Pearl stability against oxidizing conditions was tested by adding samples to an aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution. The reaction was examined by UV-Vis spectroscopic measurements of the supernatant and laser-scanning confocal microscopy images of the substrate. Overall, hydrogen peroxide-induced Cr3+ to Cr6+ oxidation across the solid-liquid interface promoted solid matrix cleavage pearl degradation and concomitant formation of multiple scattering centers was observed. A dual-detection scheme was employed in the confocal microscopy measurements allowing us to separate scattering and absorptive contributions to the observed signals. The confocal microscopy images indicate that Cr3+ oxidation induced by hydrogen peroxide solutions occurs throughout the entire pearl sample and indicate that oxidation reactions induce leakage of chromate ion into aqueous solutions.

A simple, fast, sensitive and accurate spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative determination of cephalexin monohydrate in dosage form and in commercial formulations. The method involves the addition of CeIV to cephalexin in acidic medium, followed by the determination of residual CeIV by reacting with a fixed amount of methyl orange, and the absorbance was measured at 510 nm. Beer's law was obeyed in the concentration range of 0.6-20 µg mL-1 with correlation coefficient of 0.992. The molar absorptivity was calculated and was found to be 9.8 × 104 L mol-1 cm-1. Different variables affecting the reaction conditions such as concentration and volume of CeIV, type and concentration of acids used, reaction time and temperature were carefully studied and optimized. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated and found to be 0.221 and 0.736 µg mL-1, respectively. The proposed method was found to have good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation of 4.4% (n = 9). The interference effects of common excipients found in pharmaceutical preparations were studied. The developed method was validated statistically by performing recoveries studies and successfully applied for the determination of cephalexin in bulk powder and pharmaceutical preparations. Percent recoveries were calculated and found to range from 90.6 to 102.9% for bulk powder and from 98.7 to 104.8% for pharmaceutical preparations.